![](/uploads/image/0649.jpg)
一、玩与看的缘起
(一)困中之缘
笔者又迎来了一个新的班级。同时,也迎来了部编教材,“部编本”的课文选篇强调经典性、文质兼美、适宜教学,此外还适当兼顾时代性,打破传统的学拼音再学汉字,倡导亲子阅读,这对写话教学提出了全新的课题。
写话教学之难缘于无定法:既无固定教法,也有固定学法。课程改革多年,专家学者、一线老师写话教学研究层出不穷,却难有其效;孩子们写话不缀,水平所增无几,提笔欲作无话可说、无事可写、无从下笔者比比皆是。到底“写什么”、“怎么写”,成为写话教与学中两大难点、惑点。因此,通过研究部编教材、改进教学方法,帮助低年级学生明确教材写话“写什么”与“怎么写”,有效引导学生掌握一定写话方法,显化写话思维过程。由此,我们提出“好玩与好看”,构建低年级写话课程,尝试指导学生学习写话,改进教师写话教学。 (二)概念的界定
1.好玩与好看写话:指的是遵从学生童心的基础上进行规范表达的写话。它着力于保护学生写话兴趣,重在词语积累和运用,让学生体验写话快乐。“好玩”是低年级写话的目标,“好看”是实现“好玩”写话目标的有效土壤,在孩子的世界里,让“好玩”与“好看”有效起来。
2.好玩与好看写话的核心素养:核心素养是指促进学生语文学习的必备品格和关键能力,它具有语文学习的奠基作用和种子意义。低年级学生写话的核心素养是由态度素养、语言素养和文化素养综合构成的。态度素养是必备的品格,语言素养是核心中的关键,文化素养是重要保证。
二、好玩与好看技术路线图
整
个实践研究设计与思路,可以用如下图示表示: 图1:研究技术路线图
三、好玩与好看的突围
小学低年级学段是学生口头语言向书面语言过渡的关键时期。七八岁的儿童求知欲强,既有丰富的情感,又善于大胆而无拘无束地想象,保护他们的好奇心,从能说几句话到能写几句话的要求,对学生来说是个挑战。教师要抓住口语和书面语训练的牛鼻子,精心设计导写策略,搭建好梯子,让学生拾级而上,近几年,笔者扎根一线习作教学研究,带领学校教科研团队,勤于实践,不断总结积累,归纳了一系列的应对策略,初步实现了低年级习作教学的突围。
(一)从零散走向系统:细化课程标准,明晰低年级写话目标,让写话指导系统化。
《语文课程标准》(2011版)对一二年级学生的写话提出的要求是:“(1)对写话有兴趣,留心周围事物,写自己想说的话,写想象中的事物。(2)在写话中乐于运用阅读和生活中学到的词语。(3)根据表达的需要,学习使用逗号、句号、问号、感叹号。”删除了2001版中“写出自己对周围事物的认识和感想”的要求。据此可以认为:第一学段写话教学贵在培养写话兴
趣,重在词语的运用。学习写话的起步阶段,教学重在激发学生兴趣,让孩子们愿意自由地表达。但是没有写话规则和格式的要求,缺少对写话知识的传授和写话技能的培养。
“好玩与好看”的写作课程通过研读课标、部编教材,明晰低年级写话目标,整理出配套的序列,让每一位教师的写话指导系统化,从而实现学生写话的童心飞扬。
(二)从枯燥走向趣味:立足核心素养,明确低年级写话内容,让写话过程趣味化。
核心素养,是评价学生写话的重要指标。本课题旨在通过确定一二年级写话内容,让学生有话可写;通过改变以往规范写话的无趣味、机械化模式,从内容和形式两个方面着力改进,让写话过程好玩、有趣,让学生体验成功感,感受到玩的智慧。着力于从学理与实践两手去研究低年级写话的目标、内容、评价和指导实施等内容,力求突破写话指导的传统瓶颈,创新写话指导的新视角。
1.衔接: 梳理了低年级教材的写话序列。(见表1)
表![](data:image/jpg;base64,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)
1:低年级教材写话序列
2. 组合:确定了低年级写话的基本句式和段式。
我们将低年级写话的基本句式定为六句,段式定为4类。以此为纲领,开发了写话指导的相关课例。
(1)谁怎么样。
(2)谁是什么。
(3)什么怎么样。
(4)什么是什么。
(5)什么地方怎么样。
(6)什么地方是什么。
(7)三段论(先一再一最后)
(8)四素段(时间、地点、人物、事件)
(9)并列结构段
(10)总分结构段
(三)从单一走向统整专题:开发了低年级写话的精品课例。