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成都国天香攻略作者:张志川
来源:《科技视界》 2012年第21期
张志川
(武汉大学水利水电学院 湖北 武汉 430072)
【摘 要】洞庭湖水量日渐减少,对洞庭湖区居民的生活、生产等带来的影响越来越大。本文分析三峡工程对洞庭湖水量的影响,并对应采取的措施展开讨论。
【关键词】三峡工程;洞庭湖;水量;解决措施北海必去十大景点排名
2011年5月在洞庭湖区发生了罕见的干旱情况,整个洞庭湖水量低至13亿m3,水域面积780平方公里,均不及正常年份的1/3,三峡工程对洞庭湖的影响又一次成为议论焦点,在此本文从三峡工程对洞庭湖水量的影响这一方面展开论述。
洞庭湖位于湖南省东北部,湖区位于长江中下游下荆江南岸,为中国第二大淡水湖(仅次于鄱阳湖), 洞庭湖南纳湘、资、沅、澧四水汇入,北与长江相连,通过松滋、太平、藕池,调弦(1958年已封堵)“四口”(以下仍简称“四口”)吞纳长江洪水,湖水由东面的城陵矶附近注入长江,为长江最重要的调蓄湖泊。洞庭湖简化水系如图1[1]
1 三峡工程对洞庭湖水位的影响可以从以下三个方面来予以分析 1.1 三峡工程运营的影响
1932年洞庭湖湖水面积为4,700平方公里,1960年已减为3,141平方公里,现在以湖面高程34.5公尺计,湖水面积为2,820平方公里,洞庭湖长期以来一直处于萎缩的状态,除去湖盆运动、长期泥沙淤积等原因之外,来水量的减少也是导致洞庭湖萎缩的一个很重要的原因。[2]
数据来源:中国水利水电科学研究院《长江三峡工程泥沙问题研究》(第七卷)
由上表可知,1956至2002年洞庭湖年均来水量呈现微弱减小的趋势,可以归因为葛洲坝的修建,荆江河道改道,四口淤积等原因;2003年至2009年呈现锐减的趋势,而2003年三峡工程正式蓄水发电。
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f/APHhcf8AXM/yqxQAVkXOrbbjyleOLy7tYW3MPmUqCT7dcfhWvWMbS6YIJIWkaO6MpYsDldxwBz6YoAkTVjc6bPcwrtMczxA/fHBxn6Vmt4gu1WbESFhOydmCgRb8YBz1Bq9NbXs9pdoqMhkuVMaFgMR4XPT/AIEapTaRc/ZWDh52ii2qEO0s+3bnqMjBPJoA0bjVvs4Rm8sgRhpFOQQSMgjg8cGm6XqVzcuqTrCp2lyATu2544xjpjNMurO5nkWAB1U26oH4wpyN348VHpVveWN86SW7FJXc7wQQq73I7+60ARXGt3Md3Oi+XsVsJlgpIx71fstSJ0hbm5+aUABgoxlieAKyL6xupb8TRRS7Wm3thiMDGPStGC1kGjRQCN99s4YBh9/BzxQBdvL82QtRJFuM8qxEqeFJqtda3Hb/AGhzGDBbyrFJIXxhjjtjoMipNVtZ75bNrYJiKdZW3sV4Hboaq3WiyzJeWyun2e7uFmckncMY3DHvt/WgC3pWom7tWludkTByAM4445/Wpr26MUO+B0YhsEcH+tV9TsJLmeJ4kiKpG4IZiOSMDtRpdjNaSMZVj2mGKMbWJ5UHJ6e9AFuG533Utu67ZEAYejKe9WKpxRM+qS3OCEEYjGe5zk1coAr3n3Yv+uqfzqxVe8+7F/11T+dWKACiiigAooooAKo2b3QtxtgiI3NgmUj+I/7NXqr2P/Hqv+83/oRoAN93/wA+8P8A3+P/AMTRvu/+feH/AL/H/wCJqxRQBX33f/PvD/3+P/xNG+7/AOfeH/v8f/iasVS1O+exFqVjDia4jhOWxtDHGfegCXfd/wDPvD/3+P8A8TRvu/8An3h/7/H/AOJrPudZMEt2fLHlWksccn95twByPpuH15qODXt+p3kM3kwwWqM5D7hIQON2CMbfcH0oA1N93/z7w/8Af4//ABNG+7/594f+/wAf/iag0vUk1GPzUZFyoYRZyyqehP1/yadrF62naVc3iRiRoULBS2M0AS77v/n3h/7/AB/+Jo33f/PvD/3+P/xNVLzU3hupLeGNS0Vt9pYsfvDONo/I8/SoofEFrc3KRQSIilEZnkOMFxlVx64oA0N93/z7w/8Af4//ABNG+7/594f+/wAf/iaqafrEGoXDrDJGFDMEBOWkwcEj2z9a06AK++7/AOfeH/v8f/iaN93/AM+8P/f4/wDxNWKKAKdy939mlzBD9w/8tj6f7tLC935Kf6PD90f8tj/8TU11/wAesv8AuH+VOh/1Kf7ooAi33f8Az7w/9/j/APE0b7v/AJ94f+/x/wDiasUUAV993/z7w/8Af4//ABNG+7/594f+/wAf/iasUUAV993/AM+8P/f4/wDxNG+7/wCfeH/v8f8A4mrFZ+s3s+n2bXESQsqDJEj7dx7KPc0AWN93/wA+8P8A3+P/AMTRvu/+feH/AL/H/wCJrNm1wxrPceUPs1tOkEhJ+bLbckew3D9ai/4SLH2h3iXEHmeZECd8YXoT/vdvr3oA1993/wA+8P8A3+P/AMTRvu/+feH/AL/H/wCJqvZai0t81nOirKIlmUr0IPb8K0KAK++7/wCfeH/v8f8A4mjfd/8APvD/AN/j/wDE1YooAr77v/n3h/7/AB/+Jo33f/PvD/3+P/xNWKKAKF+939hnzBEB5Z/5bH0/3an33n/PvD/3+P8A8TRf/wDHhcf9cz/KrFAFffd/8+8P/f4//E0b7v8A594f+/x/+JqxRQBX33f/AD7w/wDf4/8AxNG+7/594f8Av8f/AImrFFAFffd/8+8P/f4//E0b7v8A594f+/x/+JqxWdqF/PZ3VugSFo5pBHhpMOc9wPagCzvu/wDn3h/7/H/4mjfd/wDPvD/3+P8A8TUAv5Dq81j5IPlwCVWDctk4x7dKqPrclk14NTgRBAiurRPuDbiQF5A5yKANLfd/8+8P/f4//E0b7v8A594f+/x/+JpLC6F3CXDxkg4ZUOdh9CfWrNAFffd/8+8P/f4//E0b7v8A594f+/x/+JqxRQBX33f/AD7w/wDf4/8AxNG+7/594f8Av8f/AImrFFAFG4e5PkiSGNV81ckSEnr/ALtXqr3n3Yv+uqfzqxQAUUUUAFFFFABVex/49V/3m/8AQjViqNm119nG2OIrubGXP94+1AF6iq+67/55Q/8Afw/4Ubrv/nlD/wB/D/hQBYqhq1nLepbCIoPJuEmO49dpzip913/zyh/7+H/Cjdd/88of+/h/woAq3ukx310rypGqBlZ9v3pCvIB9gajudJfUeb8xBhFJEDECM7u/PsOlXt13/wA8of8Av4f8KN13/wA8of8Av4f8KAKEejeZcrPevuZbdYMRkqDg53cfyp1/pCy6RdWVoShuE2lpHZse/Oau7rv/AJ5Q/wDfw/4Ubrv/AJ5Q/wDfw/4UAVdQ03+0IkjkWNCUKPIOWCnqB9aqzaArRXNrC6pbXLxuRjlCuBx9Qo+lam67/wCeUP8A38P+FG67/wCeUP8A38P+FAGfaaM0D2amUGOzd2jwOSGzgH6ZrYqvuu/+eUP/AH8P+FG67/55Q/8Afw/4UAWKKr7rv/nlD/38P+FG67/55Q/9/D/hQA+6/wCPWX/cP8qdD/qU/wB0VWuWu/s0uYofuH+M+n0p0LXfkp+6h+6P+Wh/woAtUVX3Xf8Azyh/7+H/AAo3Xf8Azyh/7+H/AAoAsUVX3Xf/ADyh/wC/h/wo3Xf/ADyh/wC/h/woAsVUv4JrqJ7cLC0MqFW3gkgnv7/Sn7rv/nlD/wB/D/hRuu/+eUP/AH8P+FAGWdAxbS2aS/6NNLHK+fvZUKCPx2D9ajl8Ni4J86RQxEqtKg+aRXzgN9M/oK2N13/zyh/7+H/Cjdd/88of+/h/woAr2mnvHqDXk7qz+SsKgdgOSfxrQqvuu/8AnlD/AN/D/hRuu/8AnlD/AN/D/hQBYoqvuu/+eUP/AH8P+FG67/55Q/8Afw/4UAWKKr7rv/nlD/38P+FG67/55Q/9/D/hQAX/APx4XH/XM/yqxVC/a7+wz5ihx5Z/jPp9Kn3Xf/PKH/v4f8KALFFV913/AM8of+/h/wAKN13/AM8of+/h/wAKALFFV913/wA8of8Av4f8KN13/wA8of8Av4f8KALFUL6zlvSIpRF5Kurq2DuBBz/k1Puu/wDnlD/38P8AhRuu/wDnlD/38P8AhQBW+x3C6zNfIY8PAIlBJ6gk5P51T/snUbmCRL2e0Dl1kR4Y2BLg5G7JORxWruu/+eUP/fw/4Ubrv/nlD/38P+FAEVjZG3ubu4dhvuWVio6LgYq7Vfdd/wDPKH/v4f8ACjdd/wDPKH/v4f8ACgCxRVfdd/8APKH/AL+H/Cjdd/8APKH/AL+H/CgCxRVfdd/88of+/h/wo3Xf/PKH/v4f8KAC8+7F/wBdU/nViqNy1yfJ8yOIL5q5Ick9fpV6gAooooAKKKKACq9j/wAeq/7zf+hGrFV7H/j1X/eb/wBCNAFiiiigAqhq17LZC0MSowmuY4W3Z4DHHHvV+qWp2LXy24WUR+TOk3K7slTkDrQBQvNblt5r35IxHaSxoVIO5wwHI59/TsafZa1/aDMIGSMybxbCRG/e7eN2emO+BzirV3pkV7cI9wqFEIbAXBYjpk+gPOKitdGS3ltCJiY7NpGhXbgjdkYJ7gAn9KAE0251E3tzDqMloyRKuGhRl+Y54OWPbFS61fSWOj3V5bCN5IYywDcj8cVImnQmOVLgCbzZTI24fkPwGBUN9o8FxpdzZWwS3Fwu1mC5/SgCO+1SaG8kt4hEvl2puMyA/PzjaOf8eoqCW/1aQWlzamzW2ujHsjkjYyYYAnkMB0z2q9facL+FYbgoU27XYL8xHcA9s1M1mpuLeQHalupCIBxkgAH8Bn86AKqXV+msR206wPBLGzgxgho8EYzk85z6CtOs21sb6K/eee/SWNj9xYApx2G7J4FaVABRRRQBFdf8esv+4f5U6H/Up/uim3X/AB6y/wC4f5U6H/Up/uigB9FFFABRRRQAVm65d3NhYPdW8luvljOJgfnPYZyMfU1pVVvLea5Vo1ljWF0KurR7ic++f6UAZc2uyxw3V2EjNtazpC4AJY527iDnoNw7dqjk8SG2tre+u0RbSdpFG1TuTbnGTnnO3071aOgQ+TJbJIRayyRyPHjJJXHf32rn8aZL4cgmgjtpZS1vEZCibeQXBHJ9txx+FAFvS9Q+2qRIQkwUOYdjKUB6dev1HFaFUbPTvs9211JMZJGiWL7uBhf61eoAKKKKACiiigCvf/8AHhcf9cz/ACqxVe//AOPC4/65n+VWKACiiigAooooAKzNTutQtJYpIFgeFpVQxkHe2TjIOccfStOs27sb+e+WaK/SKFekZgDEeuCT1/CgCmNcnyjeVGwe4e3EQyHBXOCTnvj0707SdWutTjk8kwF0jXdlGXy5D1UgnJx+FWptIiuLkzzbQyg7Ni4wSMbj6nFQxaLJAHkt7lI7gwLAJBFxgdyM8mgCzpN1dXMc4vFj3xSmMPGCFcDHIBJx6de1X6p6ba3FpAUublZ2zwVjCAD6VcoAKKKKACiiigCvefdi/wCuqfzqxVe8+7F/11T+dWKACiiigAooooAKo2aXRtxtmjA3NgGMn+I+9Xqr2P8Ax6r/ALzf+hGgA2Xf/PeL/v0f8aNl3/z3i/79H/GrFFAFfZd/894v+/R/xo2Xf/PeL/v0f8asVnaxdz2i2ZgKjzbuKJ8jOVZsHFAFnZd/894v+/R/xo2Xf/PeL/v0f8ayL7WJ7a4vSSFFtLEiRED96rYyfXqSOPSpoBqiawsMt+ksZiaRkEIATsoz19fyoA0dl3/z3i/79H/GjZd/894v+/R/xqhp+oOL6+t7y7jKwMu0unlkZB9eo44NP1rUTBod5d2E8TSQxlgQQwBoAubLv/nvF/36P+NGy7/57xf9+j/jWbqWozwXckQkWFUtDOjMBh2B5X6Dj35qn/b9wbaS7cCIq0Oy3I5dHC5OeucsfyoA3tl3/wA94v8Av0f8aNl3/wA94v8Av0f8ay7K/vX8QS2t75kCEMYIjGu2RR3Dg5z7GtygCvsu/wDnvF/36P8AjRsu/wDnvF/36P8AjViigCncpd/ZpczxfcP/ACyPp9adEl35Kfv4vuj/AJZH/Gpbr/j1l/3D/KnQ/wCpT/dFAEWy7/57xf8Afo/40bLv/nvF/wB+j/jViigCvsu/+e8X/fo/40bLv/nvF/36P+NWKKAK+y7/AOe8X/fo/wCNGy7/AOe8X/fo/wCNWKztae8is5J7SdIjEhYApu3nsKALOy7/AOe8X/fo/wCNGy7/AOe8X/fo/wCNZMeuM9y4uA8EELJDI4TI81gOM9gCQPxotNYkv2IR2tzcNIlrujyG25ySfXgnHpQBrbLv/nvF/wB+j/jRsu/+e8X/AH6P+NUtJN/9ru47u8FykRVQwiCYbGSOPYj861aAK+y7/wCe8X/fo/40bLv/AJ7xf9+j/jViigCvsu/+e8X/AH6P+NGy7/57xf8Afo/41YooAoX6Xf2GfM8WPLP/ACzPp9an2Xf/AD3i/wC/R/xov/8AjwuP+uZ/lVigCvsu/wDnvF/36P8AjRsu/wDnvF/36P8AjViigCvsu/8AnvF/36P+NGy7/wCe8X/fo/41YooAr7Lv/nvF/wB+j/jRsu/+e8X/AH6P+NWKytUl1CCaGS2lQo0qp5JTO8E889vX8KALuy7/AOe8X/fo/wCNGy7/AOe8X/fo/wCNZUOttPNKeY0814YMpxI69cntyD+VVLbXLy4066mhcPNBEhdHUKUc/ewO4x09fWgDoNl3/wA94v8Av0f8aNl3/wA94v8Av0f8aq6Jff2hbSzLL5kYkKoWXawGBww7HOa0qAK+y7/57xf9+j/jRsu/+e8X/fo/41YooAr7Lv8A57xf9+j/AI0bLv8A57xf9+j/AI1YooAo3CXA8kyTRsvmrkCPHf61eqvefdi/66p/OrFABRRRQAUUUUAFV7H/AI9V/wB5v/QjViqNnHcG3BW4AG5sDZ/tGgC9RVfyrn/n5H/fsUeVc/8APyP+/YoAsVU1GxF8sAMhTyZlmGBnJU5FP8q5/wCfkf8AfsUeVc/8/I/79igBlxYx3NxHJcHekZDKmONw6E+tPFqBNPMsjCSYBQ2AduOmPzo8q5/5+R/37FHlXP8Az8j/AL9igBkdhH5jy3JE8jqqksoxgZxx+Jpt9pkF3p89mgWFJ12sUUDipfKuf+fkf9+xR5Vz/wA/I/79igBl1Yi8hWG4fdFjDqFxv9s+lJNp8VxNE8uCkRBRAMAEdCfXFSeVc/8APyP+/Yo8q5/5+R/37FADIbJhOk1xO07xghCQBjPXpVuq/lXP/PyP+/Yo8q5/5+R/37FAFiiq/lXP/PyP+/Yo8q5/5+R/37FAD7r/AI9Zf9w/yp0P+pT/AHRVa5jufs0v+kj7h/5Zj0p0MVz5Kf6SPuj/AJZigC1RVfyrn/n5H/fsUeVc/wDPyP8Av2KALFFV/Kuf+fkf9+xR5Vz/AM/I/wC/YoAsVQ1GxuLx42hv5LYJzhEVsn1+YGp/Kuf+fkf9+xR5Vz/z8j/v2KAKZ0SFlkSSWR45ZEllUn7zrjn2ztGfpT4NIhhmgYOxS3d3iU/wlgc/Xqfzqz5Vz/z8j/v2KPKuf+fkf9+xQA61t1tomRSWLOzsx6kk5/8ArfhU1V/Kuf8An5H/AH7FHlXP/PyP+/YoAsUVX8q5/wCfkf8AfsUeVc/8/I/79igCxRVfyrn/AJ+R/wB+xR5Vz/z8j/v2KAC//wCPC4/65n+VWKoX8dz9hnzcj/Vn/lmPSp/Kuf8An5H/AH7FAFiiq/lXP/PyP+/Yo8q5/wCfkf8AfsUAWKKr+Vc/8/I/79ijyrn/AJ+R/wB+xQBYrOutOuZ70TpqU0KAY8pUQjHfkjIz7VZ8q5/5+R/37FHlXP8Az8j/AL9igCm+h274RnfyhK0ypnoxHPP4k006FC0ZDSuZBEsSuAAQFII+pyBV7yrn/n5H/fsUeVc/8/I/79igBLSzS1knkU5edtznGBnGOlWar+Vc/wDPyP8Av2KPKuf+fkf9+xQBYoqv5Vz/AM/I/wC/Yo8q5/5+R/37FAFiiq/lXP8Az8j/AL9ijyrn/n5H/fsUAF592L/rqn86sVRuI5x5JecMvmrkbMd6vUAFFFFABRRRQAVXsf8Aj1X/AHm/9CNWKr2P/Hqv+83/AKEaALFFFFABWdrN1ParZmBgvm3cUT5GcqzYNaNVNQsVvlhDSMnkyrKMDqynIoAytQ1e4tbi9JODbyxLFER/rVbGT+ZI/CoF8QyW8dtPdEsZFm8+EDBiKAkfyx+Nbs9lHcTpJOS6xkMqEcbh0J9aY+mW80kslyPNaRDHyPuqeoFAFTT9XQjbqUwt5zGspSTCKA3TBPXHSrU9wt3bsbHUIlCZLyRlX28flS2+mQwzCZ2aaRYVhDPz8o/r70X9gbqERQ3ElrhtxMQGW9jkUAZVvqOozqsMrCKeOx+0MQo+ZixC5z0GBkj3qtF4iuLnR7nV4xsjtzEPJx97IUt/6Fx9K2TpClMvczNM0TQvKxGXUnP047Uh0O02NEm5IHMZeIdDsxj+Q/KgBI2v49bSJpxNBJGzumwDy+flwffnr6VqVnWumywXrXD6hcyqxJMbbQv6DPFaNABRRRQBFdf8esv+4f5U6H/Up/uim3X/AB6y/wC4f5U6H/Up/uigB9FFFABRRRQAVna0buOzkmtLkQtGhKjYG3t2H9PxrRqjqFhLePG0d9PbeX2jC8n8QaAMptWu01mOyuGEUkjxbAAChBHzgns3XA+lTXuqXNndaoCVdLa1WaMY6Elv8BVv+xoSzeZLJIryJK6sc7nXGDn/AICPyp0mlQy3VzNK7MLmIROnbaM4/maAIrG9n/tVrGd/MBt1mVsDg5wRWrVS1sI7e4afezyNGse5v7o6VboAKKKKACiiigCvf/8AHhcf9cz/ACqxVe//AOPC4/65n+VWKACiiigAooooAKytUe/hmhltZ1w0qp5O0EMD1569OfwrVrOudNlnvRcLqFxEoAHlptxj8s0AZ8esXIuIg/Mkl28DQYxhRnaf0B/GoIdT1JbXUfPMiXsIDiGVUCqpPVCPvenNbkmnpJOZ3kYyKCI2wP3ee49/eo5NKSaKQTTSPK6qvm8Ajacj9aAGaHff2hbSzLIzxiQqm8YdRgcMOxzmtOq9rZx20k0i8yTMGdvUgYqxQAUUUUAFFFFAFe8+7F/11T+dWKr3n3Yv+uqfzqxQAUUUUAFFFFABVGzty1uD58wyzcAj+8avVXsf+PVf95v/AEI0AH2Y/wDPzP8A99D/AAo+zH/n5n/76H+FWKKAK/2Y/wDPzP8A99D/AAo+zH/n5n/76H+FWKzNcS5No8lrdSwyqv7pYx9588A+ooAt/Zj/AM/M/wD30P8ACj7Mf+fmf/vof4Vg3mpXsUepXPmEPYSRIIwflbKqzfXO7FFjqV1Kmk3DSORqTyK6f3OGKkD224oA3vsx/wCfmf8A76H+FH2Y/wDPzP8A99D/AArMsr0Wl/fxXt1N5UZQp5y9jnkHuCR+lWpp4L+1c2180aR8u8XUcUAWfsx/5+Z/++h/hR9mP/PzP/30P8KwoLnUZMWt1O0c0Vh5zMMAsxYgbvoBz9aqRa7e3OiXWrqWR4DCFhA4bKqW4753HH4UAdR9mP8Az8z/APfQ/wAKPsx/5+Z/++h/hWLY6jd/bLGKdpPOmaRZ4mUgLjJBHHTp+ddFQBX+zH/n5n/76H+FH2Y/8/M//fQ/wqxRQBTubY/Zpf8ASJvuH+Ien0p0NsfJT/SZvuj+If4VLdf8esv+4f5U6H/Up/uigCL7Mf8An5n/AO+h/hR9mP8Az8z/APfQ/wAKsUUAV/sx/wCfmf8A76H+FH2Y/wDPzP8A99D/AAqxRQBX+zH/AJ+Z/wDvof4UfZj/AM/M/wD30P8ACrFZutxzmzeS3upYZEU+WsY+8/YH1oAtfZj/AM/M/wD30P8ACj7Mf+fmf/vof4Vz82qX0VjeXzufMtLqOHyl+6wwm76k7j+lTWWpzXzJ5xmt/trSJbMmMIFz+OcAnmgDa+zH/n5n/wC+h/hR9mP/AD8z/wDfQ/wqjo8U8d5eB724uYo2WNTKQfmxk4wPcVrUAV/sx/5+Z/8Avof4UfZj/wA/M/8A30P8KsUUAV/sx/5+Z/8Avof4UfZj/wA/M/8A30P8KsUUAUL+2IsZ/wDSJv8AVn+Ien0qf7Mf+fmf/vof4UX/APx4XH/XM/yqxQBX+zH/AJ+Z/wDvof4UfZj/AM/M/wD30P8ACrFFAFf7Mf8An5n/AO+h/hR9mP8Az8z/APfQ/wAKsUUAV/sx/wCfmf8A76H+FH2Y/wDPzP8A99D/AAqxWTqqXazwSWl1IshlUCID5Sv8Wfw70AXvsx/5+Z/++h/hR9mP/PzP/wB9D/CucudV1BLIXlsTJM93JAsPbAJUYH1Gant9aFvchbmdvLNqsjGf5NshIGOcYzk/lQBufZj/AM/M/wD30P8ACj7Mf+fmf/vof4VT0C+W9tpv9LiuXjmYExsCAM8dO1alAFf7Mf8An5n/AO+h/hR9mP8Az8z/APfQ/wAKsUUAV/sx/wCfmf8A76H+FH2Y/wDPzP8A99D/AAqxRQBRuYCnkt58rYlXhjx1q9Ve8+7F/wBdU/nVigAooooAKKKKACq9j/x6r/vN/wChGrFUbO2DW4bzphlm4DkD7xoAvUVX+yD/AJ7T/wDfw0fZB/z2n/7+GgCxVG/0uK/kjklnuYzGCB5UpQfpU32Qf89p/wDv4aPso/57z/8Afw0AQPpFo+QyMVbYXXccPt6Z9aVdJtVZWUOuzf5eGPyFupHoev51N9lH/Pef/v4aPso/57z/APfw0ALBaRwO0gLO7KFLOckgdP5mo9Q0+K/iWOWSaMK2791IUJP4U/7IP+e0/wD38NH2Qf8APaf/AL+GgCv/AGPa+UELTEiNoi5kJZlPUE96c2kWTEgR7UOzKA4U7Pu5HtgflU32Uf8APef/AL+Gj7IP+e0//fw0ALHaRpcNcHLysNu5uSB6D0FT1X+yD/ntP/38NH2Qf89p/wDv4aALFFV/sg/57T/9/DR9kH/Paf8A7+GgB91/x6y/7h/lTof9Sn+6KrXNqBbS/vp/uH/lofSlitR5Kfvp/uj/AJaGgC3RVf7IP+e0/wD38NH2Qf8APaf/AL+GgCxRVf7IP+e0/wD38NH2Qf8APaf/AL+GgCxVHUNLiv3jeWa4jMeceVKU/lU32Qf89p/+/ho+yj/nvP8A9/DQBB/ZFpnlWILI7KWJDMvQn1PA/KnRaXawzJKitmNmdAWyFLdSB+J/Opfso/57T/8Afw0fZB/z2n/7+GgB9vBHbReXECBuLHJzkk5P86lqv9lH/Paf/v4aPsg/57T/APfw0AWKKr/ZB/z2n/7+Gj7IP+e0/wD38NAFiiq/2Qf89p/+/ho+yD/ntP8A9/DQAX//AB4XH/XM/wAqsVQv7UCxnPnT/wCrP/LQ+lT/AGQf89p/+/hoAsUVX+yD/ntP/wB/DR9kH/Paf/v4aALFFV/sg/57T/8Afw0fZB/z2n/7+GgCxWfc6RBc3guXnulbgbUmKrj6CrH2Qf8APaf/AL+Gj7KP+e0//fw0ARDS7USrIqsCshlUZ4DEYzipre0igLso3PIcu7clvSk+yD/ntP8A9/DR9lH/AD3n/wC/hoAfb28duriIYDsXP1NS1X+yD/ntP/38NH2Qf89p/wDv4aALFFV/sg/57T/9/DR9kH/Paf8A7+GgCxRVf7IP+e0//fw0fZB/z2n/AO/hoALz7sX/AF1T+dWKo3FuEMLebKcSrwzkjrV6gAooooAKKKKACq9j/wAeq/7zf+hGrFV7H/j1H+83/oRoAsUUUUAFZWvSSRJYGKRk3XsKttONwLcg1q1Bd2cN4IxOpIjcSLhiMMOQeKAMLVLi9tbi7ciXeZ4RaEfdKnAYfnuqKee90rVLu6u4zNvhkkt2SVivy4+UoeAcY5HvXRtbRNOszqWdfu7jnb9B2pkVhbRAhULAqV+di2ATkjntQBlafqTWziDUVma4aBZjJGrS7txwQFUcAH26VdnlttRtX+e7jjT7w8uSFm44AyAT+FWbayt7Ugwx4IQRgk5IUdB9Kbf6fb6hGsd0rMqtuAVyvP4UAYUJvc/Y724kDwaf5u7dg7yx5JHUgAfmapRarf3GgXequWW6hMPlp0HKoTx/tFj+ldONJslhWIRHaqMmdxyVPUE9SKe2nWjPuMI/hyBwDt+7kd8UAYthc3kd9YQTCX7RIZRch+hUZww/TGK6Soo7aKKV5VXMj8FicnHp9KloAKKKKAIrr/j1l/3D/KnQ/wCpT/dFNuv+PWX/AHD/ACp0P+pT/dFAD6KKKACiiigArM1y2ae0cxyzrMFIhWJypL9j7/jx1rTqlf6Vaag6PdK7FOF2yMuPyNAGbdaf/ptk7XVy1zI4aQrMwTCjJwo4wcY6d6i0/UrqeSKSdMSXzypbnd8sW3OAR9Fzn1rejtYY2RkTBjTYp9B/kVC2l2bZzDwSxABIwW6kemaAM7w8txBPd2t6j/aUIYv5zOjg55G77v0rdqKC3jgB8sHLYySSSfxNS0AFFFFABRRRQBXv/wDjwuP+uZ/lViq9/wD8eFx/1zP8qsUAFFFFABRRRQAVk6rayvcQSW1xMs/mqQFY7Qg+9kdMY9fataqFxo1lc3f2qZHaXjnzGA49s4oA5661K7tbq5YmQgPKYZxkq5CnEeO2D+eK0LR5f7Rt7PzZHiuLHzZDu5DAjnPbOT0rVGm2gct5IOWL4JyNxGCcUi6ZaKpCxlcqEBDEEKOgB7CgCt4faTyLmGbzQ0U7LtkbcVHBAB7jBrVqOGCOAERrjccsSckn1NSUAFFFFABRRRQBXvPuxf8AXVP51Yqvefdi/wCuqfzqxQAUUUUAFFFFABVf7Fbc4hXk5qxRQBX+xW3/ADyWj7Fbf88lqxRQBX+xW3/PJaPsVt/zyWszxHrT6SsXlpvZ8/wlsdPT8aq6Z4nkvb9Ihas8UgVFaPbxIQzEHLdNoz0oA3fsVt/zyWj7Fbf88lrndU8T3FpqE1slq6BJI0V5EGCGJBP3ue2KtaHrdzqb3JVY5Yo0zGwGzc2SCMZJ7daANj7Fbf8APJaPsVt/zyWueHiW8N//AMekf2fyA2zzG3Bt+3+5nOeMYq/q2q3VmIhGIklMbO0bqzA/RwAMj0PrQBpfYrb/AJ5LR9itv+eS1g6Xr91eav8AZHaILvKjEZBbaDu78YINdNQBX+xW3/PJaPsVt/zyWs+bWCL6IW8cksISUyqI9pyuOhbA9asjUvM063vILeQrOVwsg2FQ3cigCf7Fbf8APJaPsVt/zyWs6DWJ557fy4UME05hLEkEEBieP+A98VZv9Tgt2EKTxfaCy/I57bgD+hoAsGxtSMGFcUCyth0hWi2uhPbmdo2iXcQu/A3AdD7A+9Z660siXGDGrLIY48Hdltuecdu1AGh9itv+eS0fYrb/AJ5LTZr6C1t0e7mjjLKOp4zUWnX73YVWiyREGeRfubj/AAjPOaAJ/sVt/wA8lo+xW3/PJapXmsw297BChLAuySAIxIIUsAO2auQ31vNYR3qvthkQOrONvB6daAF+xW3/ADyWj7Fbf88lrJi1yWa0SZREC90sY25I2b1U8nGTyeRWjfahFbeWokXe/IBBPyjqeB70AS/Yrb/nktH2K2/55LVGw1SSa9aKVHZHOI3jQFBgc5Ocjk9CBTJdbdJrpFgiYW5C484Av0yRx2zzQBo/Yrb/AJ5LR9itv+eS1UtdWEumtdPGGkXrDE24jnAFRR6ndyzqLe3SaORhjkrtToTkjB5FAGh9itv+eS0fYrb/AJ5LVa/1NrO5ji+zl1Y/MwbkDBPA79KfYX0l0D5luyKFz5gZSh56DB9KAJvsVt/zyWj7Fbf88lqOyupLkySMqpCpwpPU+/8An1qhFrZa58t2gEazOsjlsAKOmPUnNAGmbG1IIMKkHtR9itv+eS0XF0IpIkTY7SHO3dg7R1IHfFR2eoxXs0qQRT7YjtZ3jKDPpzg/pQBJ9itv+eS0fYrb/nktMvbuW2/1dq0nGd5kVFHtknP6VJcXIt7UzOm4gZKqQT+FACfYrb/nktH2K2/55LVYamp1NbZRvjdflcDGD16k88ematXlyLSAzNHLIo6iNdxoAT7Fbf8APJaPsVt/zyWmWF6b22+0NbSQRMAyGQrllIzngnFUTrg+0zJHGjxx4wVYknJ68A4oA0fsVt/zyWj7Fbf88lqBL+RtOW48uMSuxCIXwG5wOT0yKrW2rzXeoLBDDGI1dllZmIIx0x65/pQBofYrb/nktH2K2/55LTbi7WCdUZowoUs5ZsFR24781X0/U/PPlTKTLljlF+UAEgZ9OnegC19itv8AnktH2K2/55LVGTVyoIH2dWZ8RrJJtJB6cY6kg1KmoTNoQv8AyF83y95i3cZ9M0AWfsVt/wA8lo+xW3/PJay4ddd5IEkSJPMbBI3MOW2qOB1PHerV5qZt7+O1CRfMpYs8m3Htj1NAFsWVsGDeSuVOR7Gp6y9L1Y30zRyxxwttDIgkDMQRmtSgAooooAKKKKACiiigAooooA57xRp97fy2y2EchdTlm3hUwDkZOc8HB4B6VS03TdRg1WzvJbElIV8uVi673k5Hmf7oBYevPSuuooA4vXdEvbm4vJbTT+WcSCR2WQuVViAASeCxHB4+WrOk6K9la3kH9nb1ZAUSVkG8kkkblA4z2NdXRQBxX/CJyLq5uVhgZ/J3lWX9yX3fcx2GO/rzV3U9M1KdbCK1to4oURhLGk2ArMyk89cY3dPXpXUUUAcvpGk3sF+Lp7fayScq87lRuB3lBuI6nuOeelbGnrtv78+Xcrl15lOUbj+D2rQooAyZtLtzq8MgtVZCshkYjIycVZ1K3nlto47MqjJIrcnAwD9DV2igDn4tHu7bU7SRCjwLM0khBwRlX9ueWq7f2Usk4nSNJnLIoUnaETcCT7nj9K06KAKMNjNCssYu3khY/IkigmMegPU/jVR9K8uxuPLt1eYOXiUSEA8YBJ9eua2aKAM5rKWSwtopdrGFFLJn77AdM+mabZWFzGtvN57QN5YE0AwyEgfofcda06KAMbVNJ82f7TErSOxO5QVBGV2/KSOKs28NxPZvDcxC2TIWNEbJCADjPY1oUUAYkukKNMhhFvGXSeMlV+7tEgP/AKDV+5slMQEJMaIhGyNFOR6cirlFAGToli0VgjyefHK+4lXfpk8ZUcZxim/2DAhwhLK0m9y53HGd20fU9TWxRQBnWdo9vpAh8pfNO7IB29WJGSPrVOCxu9Md2s7f7Q8iY3tLgBsknOecc1u0UAZt3Zz3MjErGCUCrIGIKHkEj8/1qKzsprYtZpbolu24vMJMs+c44x/nFa9FAFCwU+TJaXKBtpOcrwwNZ9jpt5E088EcNpIZm2qw3B0zxkDp7YrfooAo3dvdz3Fu0ckSJGCznbkluMD6df0ogsriGQMt2NpkLuoiA35q9RQBQuLSe5Y+alo2CNpZCxA/E0yXT7m4QLdXQZVYkCKMKSuMY5zWlRQBz40iSCdLlIGlVWAEBnIKr/ez0z7dMVrXCXcybYXSJWXksuWX9cVaooAoWlpewKkcl8kkSptC+Tg9ODnNULjRJJY7uGIInnLgzPyzcdcfX/61b1FAGYbK7FktsssQVWHQHle4ye/vVVNLurK4ea0hgnlkX78shXY3OSBg561u0UAZ88M3nxyzgTosWBEqcmTjnPTFO0+xFt58zognuDl9vQDso+mT+dXqKAMqPSx5Szzp5l0gO1RIQuQTtzjg9e4piadPNpFrayrHHIuDIT823nOB61sUUAc2dKuLe5gAtTOiOpDo44w27kMc9R2P4VoXOjxy3L3YZjOwwN5yqn1x7A9OlalFAGdpuniyuJ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安徽天堂寨旅游攻略
由上表可知1956年至2002年四水入流量占总入流量的比例一直在升高,四口入流量所占比例一直在下降,但2002年至2009年的变化比例较之前有明显的提高,由此可知,三峡工程正式蓄水对于洞庭湖来水量的减少有很大影响。
1.2 三峡工程调度的影响
枯水期时三峡水库进入蓄水期,下泄流量减少,长江水位降低,作为离三峡水库最近的大型分调度区,洞庭湖会向长江补水,以平衡长江水位与洞庭湖之间水位差,即以洞庭湖补充三峡水库拦蓄的水量。而此时洞庭湖也会处于枯水期,向长江补水将进一步加剧洞庭湖的缺水形势。
丰水期时三峡水库进入放水期下泄流量增加,长江水位升高,长江水便会更多的流向洞庭湖以减缓水位升高,此时洞庭湖起到分洪的作用,防洪压力将大大提高。
1.3 三峡工程拦沙排清的影响
三峡工程建成后由于大坝对泥沙的拦蓄作用,下泄江水含泥沙量减少,水体含泥沙平衡被打破,下泄的清水便会从河道吸收泥沙直至重新达到泥沙饱和状态,因而使长江河床被不断冲刷加深,干流河
道和洞庭湖区水位还将有较大下降, 长江入洞庭湖水量也随之减少三峡水库拦沙排清对洞庭湖的影响将随时间而进一步发展。
虽然在枯水期三峡下泄水量有所增加,但仍不足以补偿冲刷造成长江入湖水量的减少,受此影响,近年来长江入洞庭湖三口河系衰退特征已十分明显。
2 建议解决措施
2.1 优化三峡水库调度
缺水期时三峡水库可以提前蓄水,从而拉长蓄水期,既增大了蓄满的可能性,也降低了蓄水强度。蓄水强度降低之后,蓄水时间延长,洞庭湖向长江补水的速度便可以减慢,从而缓解洞庭湖缺水的局面。丰水期时三峡水库可以推迟下泄,以缓解洞庭湖的防洪压力。
2.2 通过工程措施
为抬高洞庭湖水位,可以在松滋、太平、藕池“三口”清淤降低口门,新建涵闸、泵站等,引入更多长江水。另外,在城陵矶修建湖口控制工程,与正在兴建的长沙湘江枢纽工程对接,拦枯不拦洪,将湖区水位控制在25米左右的多年平均水位,使水域面积保持在1000平方公里。
2.3 加强长江流域综合治理
黄陵天气预报15天
中央一号文件明确指出:“加强太湖、洞庭湖、鄱阳湖综合治理,开工建设一批流域枢纽工程。”要统筹管理长江流域的各大湖泊,明确水权分配,并使水权分配更加机动,从而更充分地应对随时出现状况。长江流域各大湖泊都同时面临着缺水的问题,各地区之间应该协同应对,在最大程度上同时满足各方的利益。
萍乡旅游景点 2.4 保障洞庭湖其它水源入流量
洞庭湖现今的入流量已经是以四水水系为主,四口水系为辅,因此保障四水水系等其它水源的入流量对于改善洞庭湖的水量状况至关重要,要采取积极措施减少地域性的对洞庭湖水源的拦截分流。可以成立专门机构,整合地域和部门资源对洞庭湖进行治理,最大限度地保障洞庭湖自然资源管理的权威性和统一性,使更多的来水可以直接流入洞庭湖。
3 结论
三峡工程蓄水运营之后,洞庭湖的来水量进一步减少,三峡水库的调度也对洞庭湖的水量有着很大的影响,同时大坝下游冲刷作用的加强也将使入湖流量减小,洞庭湖水量缺少的局面越来越严峻,,可以通过优化三峡水库调度、兴修相关工程、综合治理长江流域以及保障其它水源等措施来改善洞庭湖缺水的状况。
【参考文献】
[1]洪林,董磊华,李文哲. 三峡工程建库后对洞庭湖水位、泥沙和水质的影响[J].中国水利,2007,6.
[2]庹瑞锐.三峡工程运营后对洞庭湖水环境影响及治理对策研究[D].湖南农业大学,2011.
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