科隆教堂

外文翻译--科隆大教堂

外文原文

CologneCathedral

FromWikipediathefreeencyclopedia

FindoutmoreaboutnavigatingWikipediaandfindinginformation

Jumptonavigationsearch

CologneCathedral

UESCOWorldHeritageSite

St巴中市地图 atePartyGermany

TypeCultural

Criteriaiiiiv

Reference292

RegionEuropeandorthAmerica

Inscriptionhistory

Inscription199620thSession

Endangered2004-2006

ameasinscribedonWorldHeritageList

RegionasclassifiedbyUESCO

TheCologneCathedralGermanKlnerDomofficiallyHoheDomkircheSt

PeterundMariaistheseatoftheArchbishopofCologneunderthe

administrationoftheRomanCatholicChurchandisrenownedasamonument

ofChristianityofGothicarchitectureandofthefaithandperseverance

ofthepeopleofthecityinwhichitstandsItisdedicatedtoSaintPeter

a东莞宏远 ndtheBlessedVirginMary

ThecathedralisaWorldHeritageSitebeingoneofthebest-known

architecturalmonumentsinGermanyandColognesmostfamouslandmark

describedbyUESCOasan"exceptionalworkofhumancreativegenius"[1]

CologneCathedralisoneoftheworldslargestchurchesbeingthelargest

GothicchurchinorthernEuropeForfouryears1880-84itwasthetallest

structureintheworlduntilthecompletionoftheWashingtonMonument

followedbytheEiffelTowerIthasthesecond-tallestchurchspiresonly

surpassedbythesinglespireofUlmCathedralcompletedtenyearslater

in1890Becauseofitsenormoustwinspiresitalsopresentsthelargest

faadeofanychurchintheworld

ThechoirofCologneCathedralmeasuredbetweenthepiersalsoholds

thedistinctionofhavingthelargestheighttowidthratioofanyMedieval

church361exceedingevenBeauvaisCathedralwhichhasaslightlyhigher

vault[2]

ConstructionoftheGothicchurchbeganin1248andtookwith

interruptionsuntil1880tocomplete–aperiodofoversixhundredyears

Itis1445metreslong865mwideanditstwotowersare157mtall[3]

CologneCathedraldespitehavingbeenleftincompleteduringthe

medievalperiodeventuallybecameunifiedas"amasterpieceof

exceptionalintrinsicvalue"and"apowerfultestimonytothestrength

andpersistenceofChristianbeliefinmedievalandmodernEurope"[1]as

wasbefittingaworship-placeoftheHolyRomanEmperorandthe

traditionalshrineoftheThreeKings

History

TheAltarpieceoftheThreeKingsbyStephanLochner

[edit]Ancientsite

WhenthepresentCologneCathedralwascommencedin1248thesitehad

beenoccupiedbyseveralpreviousstructurestheearliestofwhichmay

havebeenagrainstoreperhapssucceededbyaRomantemplebuiltby

MercuriusAugustusFromthe4thcenturythesitewasoccupiedbyChristian

buildingsincludingasquareedificeknownasthe"oldestcathedral"and

commissionedbyMaternusthefirstChristianbishopofCologneAsecond

churchtheso-called"OldCathedral"wascompletedin818Thisburneddown

onApril301248

Themassivefacadewasleftincompletefor400years

[edit]Medievalbeginning

In1164theArchbishopofCologneRainaldofDasselhadacquired

relicsoftheThreeKingswhichhadbeentakenfromMilaninItalybythe

HolyRomanEmperorFrederickBarbarossaTherelicshadgreatreligious

significanceandcouldbecountedupontodrawpilgrimsfromallover

ChristendomItwasimportantthattheywereproperlyhousedThelossof

theoldfive-aisledcathedralpromptedabuildingprograminthenewstyle

ofGothicarchitecturebasedinparticularontheFrenchCathedralof

Amiens

ThefoundationstonewaslaidonAugust151248byArchbishopKonrad

vonHochstadenTheeasternarmwascompletedunderthedirectionofMaster

Gerhardwasconsecratedin1322andsealedoffbyatemporarywallsoit

couldbeinuseastheworkproceeded

Inthemid14thcenturyworkonthewestfrontcommencedunderMaster

MichaelThisworkhaltedin1473leavingthesouthtowercompleteupto

thebelfrylevelandcrownedwithahugecranewhichwasdestinedtoremain

inplaceandthelandmarkofColognefor400years[4]

Someworkproceededintermittentlyonthestructureofthenave

betweenthewestfrontandtheeasternarmbutduringthe16thcentury

thisceased[5]

TheCathedralin1856showingtheunfinishedSouthTowerwithits

ancientcranetheGothiceasternendandsouthtransept

[edit]19thcenturycompletion

WiththenineteenthcenturyromanticenthusiasmfortheMiddleAges

andspurredonbytheluckydiscoveryoftheoriginalplanforthefacade

itwasdecidedwiththecommitmenl-house tofthePrussianCourttocompletethe

cathedralItwasachievedbycivicefforttheCentral-Dombauverein

foundedin1842raisedtwothirdsoftheenormouscostsoverUS1billion

intodaysmoneywhilethePrussianstatesuppliedtheremainingthird

Workresumedin1842totheoriginaldesignofthesurvivingmedieval

plansanddrawingsbututilisingmoremodernconstructiontechniques

includingironroofgirdersThenavewascompletedandthetowerswere

added

ThecompletionofGermanyslargestcathedralwascelebratedasa

nationaleventin1880632yearsafterconstructionhadbegunThe

celebrationwasattendedbyEmper湖北当阳网 orWilhelmI

AnAmericansoldierandadestroyedPanthertankinfrontofthe

cathedralon4April1945

[edit]WorldWarIIandpost-warhistory

ThecathedralsufferedfourteenhitsbyaerialbombsduringWorldWar

IIItdidnotatallcollapsebutstoodtallinanotherwiseflattened

cityBelieverssaiditwasdivineinterventionThetruthishowevermore

prosaicInaworldwithoutGPSthetallbuildingwasperfectforallied

aircrafttouseasalandmarkfromwhichtocalculatebearingstoother

bombtargetsinGermanyandsouthernEuropeandthuswasleftintactfor

pilotsoffuturemissionsuseasreference青海户外俱乐部 points[citationneeded]

Therepairstothebuildingwerecompletedin1956Inthenorthwest

towersbaseanemerthomassabo gencyrepaircarrie美食 edoutwithbad-qualitybricktaken

fromanearbywarruinseeGermanWikipedia"KlnerDomplombe"remained

visibleuntilthelate1990sasareminderoftheWarbutthenitwas

decidedtoreconstructthissectionaccordingtotheoriginalappearance

Somerepairandmaintenanceworkisalmostconstantlybeingcarried

outinsomesectionofthebuildingwhichisalmostnevercompletelyfree

ofscaffoldingsincewindrainandpollutionslowlyeatawayatthestones

TheDombauhttewhichwasestablishedtobuildthecathedralandrepair

thecathedralissaidtoemploythebeststonemasonsoftheRhinelandThere

isacommonjokeinColognethattheleaderoftheDombauhttethe

DombaumeistermasterbuilderofthecathedralhastobeCatholicand

freefromgiddinessThecurrentDombaumeisterinisBarbaraSchock-Werner

Halfofthecostsofrepairandmaintenancearestillbornebythe

Dombauverein

OnAugust252007thecathedralreceivedanewstainedglassinthe

southtranseptwindowWith113squaremetresofglassthewindowwas

createdbytheGermanartistGerhardRichterItiscomposedof11500

identicallysizedpiecesofcolouredglassresemblingpixelsrandomly

arrangedbycomputerwhichcreateacolorful"carpet"Sincethelossof

theoriginalwindowinWorldWarIIthespacehadbeentemporarilyfilled

withplainglass[6]JoachimCardinalMeissnerwhohadpreferreda

figurativedepictionof20th-centuryCatholicmartyrsforthewindowdid

notattendtheunveiling[7]

CologneCathedralacrosstheRhine

[edit]WorldHeritageSite

In1996thecathedralwasaddedtotheUESCOWorldHeritageListof

culturallyimportantsitesIn2004itwasplacedonthe"WorldHeritage

inDanger"listduetonearbyhigh-risebuildinganditsvisualimpact

uponthesiteastheonlyWesternsiteindangerThecathedralwasremoved

fromtheListofInDangerSitesin2006followingtheauthoritiesdecision

tolimittheheightsofbuildingsconstructednearandaroundthe

cathedral

AsaWorldHeritageSiteandwithitsconvenientpositionontourist

routesCologneCathedralisamajortouristattractionthevisitors

includingmanywhotravelthereasaChristianpilgrimage

WorldYouthDay2005therewerenearly1millionvisitorsThecathedral

isopeneverydayfrom600amto730pmadmissionisfreeexceptfortower

ascentandthetreasuryVisitorscanclimb509stepsofthespiral

staircasetoaviewingplatformabout98metresabovetheground

OnMay122001theAmericanrockbandcomperformedafreeconcert

inRoncalliplatzthesquaretothesouthsideofCologneCathedralThe

concertwasorganisedtopromotetheeradicationofviolenceinschools

andwasinpartbroadcastliveonMTVEurope

OnAugust182005PopeBenedictXVIvisitedthecathedralaspartof

hisapostolicvisittoGermanyaspartofWorldYouthDay2005festivities

Anestimated1millionpilgrimsvisitedthecathedralduringthistime

AlsoaspartoftheeventsofWorldYouthDayCologneCathedralhosted

atelevisedgalaperformanceofBeethovensMissaSolemnisperformedby

theRoyalPhilharmonicOrchestraandtheLondonPhilharmonicChoir

conductedbySirGilbertLevine

Thenavelookingeast

[edit]Architecture

ThedesignofCologneCathedralwasbasedquitecloselyonthatof

AmiensCathedralintermsofgroundplanstyleandthewidthtoheight

proportionofthecentralnaveTheplanisintheshapeofaLatinCross

asisusualwithGothiccathedralsIthastwoaislesoneithersidewhich

helptosupportoneoftheveryhighestGothicvaultsintheworldbeing

nearlyastallasthatoftheill-fatedBeauvaisCathedralmuchofwhich

collapsedExternallytheoutwardthrustofthevaultistakenupbyflying

buttressesintheFrenchmannerTheeasternendhasasingleambulatory

thesecondaisleresolvingintoachevetteofsevenradiatingchapels

InternallytheMedievalquireismorevariedandlessmechanicalin

itsdetailsthanthe19thcenturybuildingItpresentsaFrenchstyle

arrangementofverytallarcadeadelicatenarrowtriforiumgallerylit

bywindowsandwithdetailedtracerymergingwiththatofthewindowsabove

Theclerestorywindowsaretallandretainsomeoldfigurativeglassin

thelowersections

ThearcadegalleryandclerestoryoftheeastendThewholeisunited

bythetallshaftswhichsweepunbrokenfromfloortotheircapitalsat

thespringofthevaultThevaultisofplainquadripartitearrangement

Thequireretainsagreatmanyofitsoriginalfittingsincludingthe

carvedstallswhichismadethemoresurprisingbythefactthatapoleons

troopshaddesecratedthebuildingAlargestonestatueofStChristopher

looksdowntowardstheplacewheretheearlierentrancetothecathedral

wasbeforeitscompletioninthelate19thcentury

Thenaveisenhancedbyagoodmany19thcenturystained-glasswindows

includingasetoffiveonthesouthsidecalledthe"Bayernfenster"which

wereagiftfromLudwigIofBavariaasethighlyrepresentativeofthe

painterlyGermanstyleofthatdate

Externallyparticularlyfromadistancethebuildingisdominatedby

itshugespireswhichareentirelyGermanicincharacterbeingopenwork

likethoseofUlmViennaandRegensburgCathedrals[8]

[edit]TreasuresofCologneCathedral

TheShrineoftheThreeKingsThemostcelebratedworkofartinthe

cathedralistheShrineoftheThreeKingsalargegildedsarcophagus

datingfromthe13thcenturyandthelargestreliquaryintheWesternworld

ItistraditionallybelievedtoholdtheremainsoftheThreeWiseMen

whosebonesand2000-year-oldclotheswerediscoveredattheopeningof

theshrinein1864

TheCrucifixofBishopGeroaunique10thcenturysculptureearthe

sacristyistheGero-Kreuz[2]alargecrucifixcarvedinoakandwith

tracesofpaintandgildingBelievedtohavebeencommissionedaround960

forArchbishopGeroitistheoldestlargecrucifixnorthoftheAlpsand

theearliest-knownlargefree-standingorthernsculptureofthemedieval

period[9]

IntheSacramentChapelistheMailnderMadonna"MilanMadonna"

datingfromaround1290awoodensculpturedepictingtheBlessedVirgin

MaryandtheinfantJesusThealtarofthepatronsaintsofColognewith

analtarpiecebytheInternationalGothicpainterStephanLochnerisin

theMarienkapelle"StMarysChapel"Otheroutstandingworksofartare

tobefoundintheCathedralTreasury

[edit]Bells

ThecathedralhastwelvechurchbellsofwhichfourareMedievalThe

firstwasthe38-tonDreiknigenglocke"BelloftheThreeKings"cast

in1418installedin1437andrecastin1880Twooftheotherbellsthe

Pretiosa105tonsatthattimethelargestbellintheOccidentandthe

Speciosa56tonswereinstalledin1448andremaininplacetodayThe

largestbellthe24三孝口 -tonStPetersglocke"BellofStPeter""DickePitter"

intheKlschdialectwascastin1922andisthelargestfree-swinging

bellintheworld[10]SeebelowGalleryPetersglocke

ConsecrationBell-0425tonnes

VespersBell-028tonnes

AngelusBell-0763tonnes

HailBell-083tonnes

ChapterBell-14tonnes

StJosephsBell-22tonnes

UrsulaBell-255tonnes

BelloftheMagi-38tonnes

Pretiosia-56tonnes

Speciosia-105tonnes

Petersglocke-24tonnes

[edit]Churchmusic

[edit]Organists

JosefZimmermann

ClemensGanz1985–2001

WinfriedBnig2001

中文译文

科隆大教堂

从Wikipedia自由的百乌鲁木齐至成都飞机票 科全书

了解更多有关浏览和寻信息百科跳转到导航搜索

科隆大教堂

联合国教科文组织世界遗产